ABF use the advance data in creating the movement record. If the advanced data is not there when crossing the border there is no problem for the traveller provided everything else is in order. Smartgate inbound probably won't work but outbound probably will. A cross check is done post movement to ensure compliance with Advance Passenger Processing requirements, both arriving and departing by airlines.
Australian Border Force Website
Australian citizens cannot be stopped from entering Australia ( although I think there maybe provisions around suspected terrorists holding Australian citizenship being prevented, not sure however). All others can be in the approrpriate circumstances. This scenario alone is not one.
In the scenario of booked DOH-ADL-AKL, clearing in ADL and not reboarding, the likely chain of events as far as ABF is concerned is that the airline will approach ABF to ask if passenger X has cleared as they haven't reboarded and are trying to locate them. ABF will confirm how many passengers they have cleared. Airline compares how many they had boarded in DOH destined for ADL and go from there. They may do an extra security scan of area where said pax was seated. If no bags involved then nothing more for ABF to do, although I'm sure they'd be interested in the final outcome (did the pax turn up etc, not did you find them and charge extra).