Re: Pax forcibly removed from United overbooked flight
A 'reasonable' belief is exclusive to the Qantas crew member at the time. If they say that they have that 'reasonable belief', then its game over. The 'contract' says nothing about having to demonstrate that 'reasonable belief' at the time - you are instructed to de-board. You may be able to seek redress later, but your cough is still off that plane, on pain of security enforcement.
And there lies the issue - and the conflict between obeying crew directions immediately, and the issues on some airlines with "incorrect" directions. Agree with what you have said, but it is the reliability of the "reasonableness" and the lack of adequacy of any possible redress that is the problem.
"Reasonable belief" is not exclusive to the crew member - it has to have a demonstrable basis that a court can follow (hence the "reasonable" part). However, as others have stated, debates with crew are not to be encouraged, as in emergency situations, (or even not), the crew needs to be in charge and able to be effective, which requires the ability to issue instructions and expect compliance.
I believe that this comes down to training - and the backing of the airline and then ultimately the courts. If crew are to be obeyed immediately and without question, then there has to be trust that they are indeed giving lawful instructions. They will only know this if they have received appropriate training - which comes from the airline. It is the motives behind the sort of training being devised and delivered, as well as compliance with the training, that can be used to influence improved outcomes. The problem arises when the "correctness" of training, or compliance with it becomes driven by compromises. Is it the crew member taking the easy way out, or is it the training not being strictly correct (for commercial reasons - e.g. lead pax to believe an instruction to be downgraded so that a relative of an FA can sit in a higher cabin has to be complied with, or that you can be ejected for convenience so that we can fly someone else)? If there is a commercial incentive to train staff to abuse their position (i.e. incorrectly tell them they have the power), so that compensation can be avoided, how will this be changed?
If there were clear and substantial consequences for incorrect directions, there would be an incentive to get the training correct. If the training is correct, and the crew only give lawful instructions (because they know what is and is not able to be demanded), then passengers will be confident to obey immediately. At present, it would appear that this is not the case, so of course things come to a head.
What sort of consequences would make things real? For the airline itself, financial will obviously come into play, but all too often that gets swept away or ignored - too hard for a pax to take on the airline, not aware of their rights etc. (see the Easyjet offloaded pax thread here). Might be considered harsh, but a crew member making an unlawful demand should be subject to criminal penalties (as well as civil liability for the airline). A criminal prosecution would be able to be maintained by law enforcement or other parties, not left to a single pax to take on an airline.
Before anyone gets too worked up about the possible consequences for the crew, the idea would be to make the airline take the training seriously (and the unions should push this if their members are potentially exposed to criminal penalties). Properly trained, the crew would then make sure they had "reasonable belief" that the request was permitted - and so would be safe.
On the other hand, those crew using threats of handcuffs or force against passengers to make them accept downgrades so that others can be favoured will have to accept the possible consequences.